課程資訊
課程名稱
 考古材料的介紹與科學分析
Introduction to Archaeological Materials and Scientific Analysis 
開課學期
 112-2 
授課對象
 文學院  人類學系  
授課教師
 蔡哲嫻 
課號
 Anth5157 
課程識別碼
 125 U3490 
班次
  
學分
 3.0 
全/半年
 半年 
必/選修
 選修 
上課時間
 星期三7,8,9(14:20~17:20) 
上課地點
 水源人201 
備註
 本課程中文授課,使用英文教科書。
總人數上限：20人 
  
課程簡介影片
 
核心能力關聯
 核心能力與課程規劃關聯圖
課程大綱
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課程概述

這門「考古材料的介紹與科學分析」是選修課程，目的是在幫助學生瞭解考古材料與科學分析。考古學是通過分析過去的社會遺留下來的物質文化來研究人類的歷史。本課程旨在向學生介紹科技考古學的基礎理論、方法、目的和分析技術。本課程介紹了基於化學、物理和地質學的科學方法及其在無機考古材料（如石器、陶瓷、金屬和玻璃材料）分析中的應用，涵蓋了材料結構、原材料和生產過程的基礎知識。同時，本課程的考古案例研究將涵蓋歐亞非區域的史前到歷史時期。 

課程目標
 在本課程結束時，學生應該能夠
● 了解不同科學分析方法在考古學中的作用；
● 掌握不同科學方法和分析技術的基本知識和操作流程；
● 獲得解釋特定考古材料的技能；
● 評估科學方法對考古材料分析的相關性和適用性；
● 並獲得在考古材料方面進行論文和研究項目所需的關鍵知識和技能。 
課程要求
 1. 閱讀指定文章，並參與課堂報告與討論。
2. 學生預計每週至少需要三個小時準備和復習課程內容。 
預期每週課後學習時數
  
Office Hours
 備註： 週三10:00 ~ 12:00 (請事先預約)evinchtsai@ntu.edu.tw 
指定閱讀
 課程用書
1. Bowman, S. (ed.) (1991). Science and the Past. University of Toronto Press.
2. Henderson, J. (2000). The Science and Archaeology of Materials: An Investigation of Inorganic Materials. London and New York: Routledge.  
參考書目
 待補 
評量方式
(僅供參考)
  
No.
項目
百分比
說明
1. 
 出席與課堂參與 
20% 
  
2. 
 課堂報告 
20% 
  
3. 
 期中考 
30% 
  
4. 
 期末考 
30% 
  
 
課程進度
週次
日期
單元主題
第1週
 2/21  簡介：課程介紹、考古科學發展史
Introduction: course structure, the development of archaeological science
&
考古材料研究的基本概念
The basic concepts in studying archaeological materials

建議閱讀書目:
1. Bowman, chapter 1, pp. 11-15.
2. Pfaffenberger, B. (1992). Social anthropology of technology. Annual Review of Anthropology 21: 491-516.
3. Lemonnier, P. (1993). Introduction. In: P. Lemmonier (ed.) Technological Choices: Transformations in Material Cultures since the Neolithic.. London, Routledge. 1-35 
第2週
 2/28  國定假日 
第3週
 3/06  考古材料的來源研究—分析技術（切片岩相學、中子活化分析、電感耦合等離子體質譜法、鉛同位素等）的應用 第1部分
Scientific methods in provenance study – the application of analytical techniques Part 1 (thin-section petrography, neutron activation analysis, inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry, lead isotopes, etc.)

建議閱讀書目:
1. Bowman, chapter 6
2. Henderson, chapter 2

指定閱讀書目:
1. Carvajal López, J. C., Hein, A., Glascock, M. D. and Day, P. M. (2018). Combined petrographic and chemical analysis of water containers and glazed wares in the Early Islamic Vega of Granada (southeast Spain, 6th to 12th centuries CE). Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports, 21, 1130-40.
2. Scarpelli, R., De Francesco, A. M., Gaeta, M., Cottica, D. and Toniolo, L. (2015). The provenance of the Pompeii cooking wares: Insights from LA-ICP-MS trace element analyses. Microchemical Journal, 119, 93-101.
3. Walton, M.S., Shortland, A., Kirk, S. and Degryse, P. (2009). Evidence for the trade of Mesopotamian and Egyptian glass to Mycenaean Greece. Journal of Archaeological Science, 36(7), 1496-1503. 
第4週
 3/13  考古材料的來源研究 第2部分
Scientific methods in provenance study Part 2

建議閱讀書目:
1. Bowman, chapter 6
2. Henderson, chapter 2

指定閱讀書目:
1. Cooper, H. K., Duke, M. J. M., Simonetti, A. and Chen, G-C. (2008). Trace element and Pb isotope provenance analyses of native copper in northwestern North America: results of a recent pilot study using INAA, ICP-MS, and LA-MC-ICP-MS. Journal of Archaeological Science, 35(6), 1732-47.
2. Henderson, J., Evans, J., & Barkoudah, Y. (2009). The provenance of Syrian plant ash glass: an isotopic approach. In J. Henderson, P. Degryse, & G. Hodgins (Eds.), Isotopes in Vitreous Materials. 73–98. Leuven University Press.  
第5週
 3/20  考古材料的來源研究 第3部分
Scientific methods in provenance study Part 3

建議閱讀書目:
1. Bowman, chapter 6
2. Henderson, chapter 2

指定閱讀書目:
1. Suda, Y., Adachi, T., Shimada, K. and Osanai, Y. (2021). Archaeological significance and chemical characterization of the obsidian source in Kirigamine, central Japan: Methodology for provenance analysis of obsidian artefacts using XRF and LA–ICP–MS. Journal of Archaeological Science, 129, 105377.
2. Tykot, R. H. (2016). Using Nondestructive Portable X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometers on Stone, Ceramics, Metals, and Other Materials in Museums: Advantages and Limitations. Applied Spectroscopy, 70(1), 42–56. 
第6週
 3/27  考古材料的技術研究—分析技術（掃描電子顯微鏡、X射線技術和電子束顯微分析、傅里葉變換紅外光譜等）的應用 第1部分
Scientific methods in technological study The technological study of archaeological materials – the application of analytical techniques Part 1 (scanning electron microscopy, X-ray techniques and electron beam microanalysis, Fourier transform infrared specteroscopy, etc.)

建議閱讀書目:
1. Henderson, chapter 2

指定閱讀書目:
1. Klesner, C. E., Akymbek, Y. and Vandiver, P. B. (2021). Lead-glazing technology from Medieval Central Asia: A case study from Aktobe, Kazakhstan. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 36: 102825.
2. Mentesana, R., Kilikoglou, V., Todaro, S. and Day, P. M. (2019). Reconstructing change in firing technology during the Final Neolithic–Early Bronze Age transition in Phaistos, Crete. Just the tip of the iceberg?. Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences, 11, 871-94 .
3. 内田純子、飯塚義之（2017.6）〈從殷墟青銅器化學分析重新解讀中國古代鑄造技術〉，《故宮學術季刊》34(4)：1-38。 
第7週
 4/03  考古材料的技術研究 第2部分
Scientific methods in technological study Part 2

建議閱讀書目:
1. Henderson, chapter 2

指定閱讀書目:
1. Koleini, F., Colombanb, P. and Pikirayia, I. (2020). Post-15th century European glass beads in southern Africa: Composition and classification using pXRF and Raman spectroscopy. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports, 29, 102183.
2. Niilisk, A., Ritslaida, P., Kikasa, J., Haakb, A. and Mäesaluc, A. (2017). Elemental and Raman investigation of 13th – 14th and 16th century enamelled glass beakers found in Estonia. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports, 16, 205-12.
3. Shoval, S. (2018). The application of LA-ICP-MS, EPMA and Raman micro-spectroscopy methods in the study of Iron Age Phoenician Bichrome pottery at Tel Dor. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports, 21, 938-51. 
第8週
 4/10  考古材料—石器
Archaeological materials – Lithics

建議閱讀書目:
1. Henderson, chapter 6

指定閱讀書目:
1. Al Kindi, M., Charpentier, V., Maiorano, M. P., Musa, M., Pavan, A., Heward, A., Vosges, J., Marchand, G. and Pickford, M. (2021). Neolithic long-distance exchanges in Southern Arabia: A supposed road for the ‘Jade’ axes. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports, 39, 103116.
2. Brandl, M. and Hauzenberger, C. (2018). Geochemical Sourcing of Lithic Raw Materials from Secondary Deposits in South Serbia. Implications for Early Neolithic Resource Management Strategies. Archaeologia Austriaca, 102, 55-70.
3. de la Torre, M. S., Le Bourdonnec, F-X., Gratuze, B., Domingo, R., García-Simón, L. M., Montes, L., Mazo, C. and Utrilla, P. (2017). Applying ED-XRF and LA-ICP-MS to geochemically characterize chert. The case of the Central-Eastern Pre-Pyrenean lacustrine cherts and their presence in the Magdalenian of NE Iberia. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports, 13, 88-98.
4. López, G. E. J., Coloca, F. I., Rosenbusch, M. and Solá, P. (2018). Mining, macro-regional interaction and ritual practices in the South-central Andes: The first evidence for turquoise exploitation from the Late Prehispanic and Inca periods in North-western Argentina (Cueva Inca Viejo, Puna de Salta). Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports, 17, 81-92.  
第9週
 4/17  期中考 
第10週
 4/24  考古材料—陶器 第1部分
Archaeological materials – Ceramics Part 1

建議閱讀書目:
1. Henderson, chapter 4

指定閱讀書目:
1. del Pino Curbelo, M., Day, P.M., Soler Díaz, J.A. et al. (2021). Cutting down on the grog: the crystallisation of Neolithic ceramic traditions at Cova d’En Pardo (Alicante, Spain) and cultural change in the western Mediterranean basin (mid-6th and 5th millennia cal. BC). Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences, 13, 11.
2. Grifa, C., Germinario, C., De Bonis, A., Cavassa, L. et al. (2021). A pottery workshop in Pompeii unveils new insights on the Roman ceramics crafting tradition and raw materials trade. Journal of archaeological science, 126, 105305.
3. Mentesana, R., Day, P.M., Kilikoglou, V. and Todaro, S. (2016). United in our Differences: the production and consumption of pottery at EMIB Phaistos, Crete. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports, 7, 489-98.  
第11週
 5/01  考古材料—陶器 第2部分
Archaeological materials – Ceramics Part 2

建議閱讀書目:
1. Bowman, chapter 2

指定閱讀書目:
1. Burlot J., Waksman Y., Bellot-Gurlet L., Simsek Franci G. (2020). The glaze production technology of an early Ottoman pottery (mid-14th(?)-16th century): The case of “Miletus Ware”. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports, 29, 102073.
2. Fernández, M. and Sinner, A.G. (2019). Analysing technical choices: improving the archaeological classification of Late Republican Black Gloss pottery in north-eastern Hispania consumption centres. Archaeological Anthropological Science, 11, 3155–86.
3. Gill, M.S., & Rehren, T. (2017). An analytical evaluation of historic glazed tiles from Makli and Lahore, Pakistan. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports, 16, 266-275. 
第12週
 5/08  考古材料—金屬 第1部分
Archaeological materials – Metals Part 1

建議閱讀書目:
1. Henderson, chapter 5

指定閱讀書目:
1. Berger, D., Brügmann, G., Friedrich, R. Lutz, J., Meyer, H-P. and Pernicka, E. (2022). Shiny bronze in glassy matter: an inconspicuous piece of slag from the Bronze Age mining site of Mušiston (Tajikistan) and its significance for the development of tin metallurgy in Central Asia. Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences, 14, 150.
2. Macfarlane, A. W. and Lechtman, H. N. (2016). Andean Ores, Bronze Artifacts, and Lead Isotopes: Constraints on Metal Sources in Their Geological Context. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory, 23(1), 1-72.
3. Liu, R., Pollard, A.M., Cao, Q., Liu, C., Sainsbury, V., Howarth, P., Bray, P., Huan, L., Yao, B., Fu, Y. and Tang, J. (2020). Social hierarchy and the choice of metal recycling at Anyang, the last capital of Bronze Age Shang China. Scientific Reports, 10, 18794. 
第13週
 5/15  考古材料—金屬 第2部分
Archaeological materials – Metals Part 2

建議閱讀書目:
1. Bowman, chapter 4 & 5

指定閱讀書目:
1. Oudbashi, Mehofer, M., Basafa, H., Tayyari, J., & Bahadori, S. (2020). Arsenical copper and bronze metallurgy during Late Bronze Age of north-eastern Iran: evidences from Shahrak-e Firouzeh archaeological site. Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences, 12, 231.
2. Rademakers, F. W., Rehren, T. and Pernicka, E. (2017). Copper for the Pharaoh: Identifying multiple metal sources for Ramesses' workshops from bronze and crucible remains. Journal of Archaeological Science, 80, 50-73.
3. Valério, Monge Soares, A. M., Fátima Araújo, M., Silva, R. J. C., Porfírio, E., & Serra, M. (2014). Arsenical copper and bronze in Middle Bronze Age burial sites of southern Portugal: the first bronzes in Southwestern Iberia. Journal of Archaeological Science, 42, 68-80. 
第14週
 5/22  考古材料—玻璃材料 第1部分
Archaeological materials – Vitreous materials Part 1

建議閱讀書目:
1. Bowman, chapter 3

指定閱讀書目:
1. Rehren, Th, and I.C. Freestone. (2015). Ancient glass: from kaleidoscope to crystal ball. Journal of Archaeological Science, 56, 233-41.
2. Sode, T, and J. Kock. (2001). Traditional raw glass production in northern India: the final stage of an ancient technology. Journal of Glass Studies, 43, 155–69.
3. Wang, K.-W., Y. Iizuka, Y.-K. Hsieh, K.-H. Lee, K.-T. Chen, C.-F. Wang and C. Jackson. (2019). The anomaly of glass beads and glass beadmaking waste at Jiuxianglan, Taiwan, in Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences 11:1391-1405. 
第15週
 5/29  考古材料—玻璃材料 第2部分
Archaeological materials – Vitreous materials Part 2
&
研究計畫的規劃、抽樣、數據處理和解釋
Project planning, sampling, data treatment and interpretation

建議閱讀書目:
1. Henderson, chapter 2

指定閱讀書目:
1. Degryse, P., Boyce, A., Erb-Satullo, N., Eremin, K., Kirk, S., Scott, R., Shortland, A., Schneider, J. and Walton, M. (2010). Isotopic Discriminants Between Late Bronze Age Glasses from Egypt and the Near East. Archaeometry, 52(3), 380–88.
2. Smirniou, M., and Rehren, T. (2013). Shades of blue – cobalt-copper coloured blue glass from New Kingdom Egypt and the Mycenaean world: a matter of production or colourant source? Journal of Archaeological Science, 40(12), 4731–43.
3. Kenoyer, J.M. (2021). Glazed Steatite and Faience Technology at Harappa, Pakistan (>3700–1900 BCE): Technological and Experimental Studies of Production and Variation. In: Kanungo, A.K., Dussubieux, L. (eds) Ancient Glass of South Asia. Springer, Singapore. 39-100.
4. Baxter, M. J. And Freestone, I. C. (2006). Log-Ratio Compositional Data Analysis in Archaeometry. Archaeometry 48, 511-31. 
第16週
 6/5  期末考